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The University of Tokyo, also known as UTokyo or Todai, is a national comprehensive research university located in Tokyo, Japan, and is recognised as Japan's highest academic institution. The University of Tokyo was founded in 1877 as Japan's first comprehensive university under the modern academic system. The university has three main campuses – the Hongo, Komaba and Kashiwa campuses – and additional facilities located in other parts of Japan. UTokyo boasts a distinguished network of alumni, faculty members, and researchers. As of 2021, UTokyo's alumni, faculty members and researchers include 17 prime ministers of Japan (out of 64), 18 Nobel Prize laureates, four Pritzker Prize laureates, five astronauts, and a Fields Medalist.

Osaka University is a national research university headquartered in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, and is one of the "designated national university corporations" representing Japan's top educational standards, as well as the largest national university in Japan. As one of Japan's top universities, Osaka University is usually ranked among the top three universities in Japan, along with the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, and is also the world's leading research centre for immunology. Osaka University is counted as one of the most productive research institutions in Japan. Numerous prominent scholars and scientists have attended or worked at Osaka University, such as Nobel Laureate in Physics Hideki Yukawa; manga artist Osamu Tezuka; Lasker Award winner Hidesaburō Hanafusa; author Ryōtarō Shiba; and discoverer of regulatory T cells Shimon Sakaguchi.